Citrullinemia
Other Names
Citrullinemia I or type 1 (classic form)
Citrullinemia type II
Citrin deficiency
Citrullinuria
Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency (AS or ASS)
Argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency (ASAS)
Screening
Tested By
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS); sensitivity=100%; specificity=100% [Schulze: 2003]Overview
Citrulinemia results from a deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS). Mutations in the ASS1 gene provide instructions to make ASS which is needed for the third step in the urea cycle. Timing of clinical manifestations ranges from acute, early onset to asymptomatic to onset during pregnancy, depending on the residual enzyme activity left by the specific mutations. Milder forms of the disease are triggered by catabolic state or excess dietary proteins and can present with acute hyperammonemia, psychotic changes or acute liver failure . There is a second form of citrullinemia, called Type 2 or Citrin deficiency. Type 2 ,is caused by a mutation in SLC25A13 and is more common in people of Japanese descent. This is caused by a defect in a mitochondrial transporter unrelated to ASS and can result in nenonatal cholestasis or in adult-onset disease. It is extremely important to distinguish the two forms since treatment is completely different. [Salek: 2010]Incidence
Approximately 1 in 250,000 live births [Schulze: 2003]Prenatal Testing
For both types of citrullinemia, DNA testing is possible by amniocentesis if both disease causing mutations of an affected family member have been identified.Other Testing
For both types of citrullinemia, genetic testing is possible for at-risk family members if both disease causing mutations of an affected family member have been identified.Clinical Characteristics
With treatment preventing serious hyperammonemic episodes, normal IQ and development are possible. Without treatment, classical citrullinemia type I generally presents in the first week of life. Less acute forms may present later in life (childhood, pregnancy) with severe symptoms during prolonged fasting, periods of increased energy demands (fever, stress, lack of sleep), and after meals high in protein. There are even milder forms with only mildly increased citrulline that might remain asymptomatic for life (periodic monitoring without therapy is recommended in these forms). Citrullinemia type 2 (citrin deficiency) can cause intrahepatic cholestasis in the neonatal period that usually improves over time [Saheki: 2010]. Adults with this condition can have acute liver failure and hyperammonemia.Initial symptoms may include:
- poor appetite
- vomiting
- lethargy
- increased intracranial pressure
- apnea
- seizures
- coma, possibly leading to death and
- lab findings:
- hyperammonemia
- elevated citrulline and glutamine
- absent argininosuccinic acid
Symptoms of the milder form in children may include:
- poor growth
- poor appetite
- vomiting
- headaches
- learning disabilities
- behavior problems
- hyperactivity
- balance and coordination problems, and
- spasticity
Symptoms of citrullinemia in aduts may include:
- Psychotic changes
- Acute liver failure
Therapy consists in protein restriction, the administration of arginine supplements and nitrogen scavengers (phenylbutyrate, phenylacetate, benzoate) in citrullinemia type 1. By contrast, a diet low in carbohydrates is indicated in citrullinemia type 2.
Follow-up Testing after Positive Screen
Quantitative plasma ammonia and amino acid analysis, urine for orotic acid, genetic testing for the ASS (ASS1) or citrin (SLC25A13) gene as indicated.Primary Care Management
Upon Notification of the + Screen
- Contact the family and evaluate the infant for poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, tachypnea;
- Provide emergency treatment/referral for symptoms of vomiting, hypotonia, tachypnea, seizures, or signs of liver disease (see
the ACT Sheet for Elevated Citrulline (ACMG) (
346 KB) for additional information);
- To confirm the diagnosis, work with the following service(s): Newborn Screening Services (see UT providers [4]);
- For evaluation and ongoing collaborative management, consult the following service(s): Pediatric Genetics (see UT providers [6]);
If the Diagnosis is Confirmed
- Educate the family regarding signs, symptoms, and the need for urgent care when the infant becomes ill (see Citrullinemia - Information for Parents (STAR-G));
- Assist in implementation and maintenance of a low protein diet, provision of arginine and essential amino acid supplements, and therapy with sodium phenylbutyrate;
- Regular blood tests to monitor amino acid and ammonia levels may be indicated;
- Sodium benzoate and/or phenylburtyrate/phenylacetate and arginine to manage hyperammonemic crises or dialysis may be indicated;
- For those identified after irreversible consequences, assist in management, particularly with developmental and educational interventions.
Specialty Care Collaboration
Initial consultation with the following service(s): Pediatric Genetics (see UT providers [6]); and ongoing collaboration if the child is affected. A dietician may work with the family to devise an optimal approach to dietary management. Genetic counseling for the family.Resources
Information & Support
For Professionals
ACT Sheet for Elevated Citrulline (ACMG) ( 346 KB)
Contains short-term recommendations for clinical follow-up of the newborn who has screened positive; American College of Medical
Genetics.
Newborn Screening ACT Sheets & Confirmatory Algorithms (ACMG)
ACTion (ACT) Sheets and algorithms for responding to positive newborn screening test results, membership required; American
College of Medical Genetics.
Neonatal Hyperammonemia Emergency Protocol (NECMP)
This acute illness protocol is a guideline for healthcare professionals treating the sick neonate, infant, or child who is
known to have hyperammonemia. The protocol was developed at Boston Children’s Hospital under the direction of Dr. Harvey Levy,
Senior Physician in Medicine/Genetics and Dr. Jonathan Picker, Fragile X Program Director, and was updated by Dr. Levy.
Infant/Child Hyperammonemia Acute Illness Protocol (NECMP) ( 57 KB)
A guideline for health care professionals treating the sick infant/child who has previously been diagnosed with citullinemia;
developed under the direction of Dr. Harvey Levy, Senior Associate in Medicine/Genetics at Children’s Hospital Boston, and
Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, for the New England Consortium of Metabolic Programs.
Citrullinemia (GeneReviews)
Excellent review by Jess G Thoene, MD including clinical description, differential, management, genetic counseling, molecular
genetics, and a bibliography.
Resources for Citrullinemia (Disease InfoSearch)
Compilation of information, articles, research, case studies, and genetics links; from Genetic Alliance.
Utah Newborn Screening Program (UDOH)
Provides information about the program, related legislation, training for practices, and newborn conditions; Utah Department
of Health.
Genetics in Primary Care Institute (AAP)
Contains health supervision guidelines and other useful resources for the care of children with genetic disorders; American
Academy of Pediatrics.
For Parents and Patients
Citrullinemia - Information for Parents (STAR-G)
A fact sheet, written by a genetic counselor and reviewed by metabolic and genetic specialists, for families who have received
an initial diagnosis of this newborn disorder; Screening, Technology and Research in Genetics.
Citrullinemia (Genetics Home Reference)
Excellent, detailed review of condition for patients and families; U.S. National Library of Medicine.
National Urea Cycle Disorders Foundation
This non-profit organization gives support and information that includes medical lectures on urea cycle disorders, nutrition
and medication resources, and information about events and conferences.
National Newborn Screening & Global Resource Center (NNSGRC)
Fact sheets, data reports, publications, and information for clinicians about genetic screening that includes links to state
genetic contacts.
Services for Patients & Families in Utah (UT)
| Service Categories | # of providers* in: | UT | NW | Other states (5) (show) | | ID | MT | NM | NV | RI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newborn Screening Services | 4 | 2 | 24 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||
| Pediatric Genetics | 6 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |||
For services not listed above, browse our Services categories or search our database.
* number of provider listings may vary by how states categorize services, whether providers are listed by organization or individual, how services are organized in the state, and other factors; Nationwide (NW) providers are generally limited to web-based services, provider locator services, and organizations that serve children from across the nation.
Page Bibliography
Saheki T, Inoue K, Tushima A, Mutoh K, Kobayashi K.
Citrin deficiency and current treatment concepts.
Mol Genet Metab.
2010;100 Suppl 1:S59-64.
PubMed abstract
The historical aspects of citrin and citrin deficiency and current treatment concepts for citrin deficiency are described.
Developing novel therapeutics based on the pathophysiology, such as sodium pyruvate, are discussed.
Salek J, Byrne J, Box T, Longo N, Sussman N.
Recurrent liver failure in a 25-year-old female.
Liver Transpl.
2010;16(9):1049-53.
PubMed abstract
Urea cycle defects such as Citrullinemia type I are not generally considered causes of ALF in adults and are described rarely
in children beyond the neonatal period. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can enable the patient to recover fully.
Schulze A, Lindner M, Kohlmuller D, Olgemoller K, Mayatepek E, Hoffmann GF.
Expanded newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry: results, outcome,
and implications.
Pediatrics.
2003;111(6 Pt 1):1399-406.
PubMed abstract